Standard cluster architecture

A cluster is the foundation of Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE): the Kubernetes objects that represent your containerized applications all run on top of a cluster.

In GKE, a cluster consists of at least one control plane and multiple worker machines called nodes. These control plane and node machines run the Kubernetes cluster orchestration system.

The following diagram provides an overview of the architecture for a zonal cluster in GKE:

GKE provisions, maintains, and operates everything in the zonal control plane and only provisions the nodes.

Control plane

The control plane runs the control plane processes, including the Kubernetes API server, scheduler, and core resource controllers. The lifecycle of the control plane is managed by GKE when you create or delete a cluster. This includes upgrades to the Kubernetes version running on the control plane, which GKE performs automatically, or manually at your request if you prefer to upgrade earlier than the automatic schedule.

Control plane and the Kubernetes API

The control plane is the unified endpoint for your cluster. All interactions with the cluster are done via Kubernetes API calls, and the control plane runs the Kubernetes API Server process to handle those requests. You can make Kubernetes API calls directly via HTTP/gRPC, or indirectly, by running commands from the Kubernetes command-line client (kubectl) or interacting with the UI in the Cloud Console.

The API server process is the hub for all communication for the cluster. All internal cluster processes (such as the cluster nodes, system and components, application controllers) all act as clients of the API server; the API server is the single "source of truth" for the entire cluster.

Control plane and node interaction

The control plane is responsible for deciding what runs on all of the cluster's nodes. This can include scheduling workloads, like containerized applications, and managing the workloads' lifecycle, scaling, and upgrades. The control plane also manages network and storage resources for those workloads.

The control plane and nodes also communicate using Kubernetes APIs.

Control plane interactions with the gcr.io Container Registry

When you create or update a cluster, container images for the Kubernetes software running on the control plane (and nodes) are pulled from the gcr.io Container Registry. An outage affecting the gcr.io Container Registry may cause the following types of failures:

  • Creating new clusters will fail during the outage.
  • Upgrading clusters will fail during the outage.
  • Disruptions to workloads may occur even without user intervention, depending on the specific nature and duration of the outage.

In the event of a zonal or regional outage of the gcr.io Container Registry, Google may redirect requests to a zone or region not affected by the outage.

To check the current status of Google Cloud services, go to the Google Cloud status dashboard.

Nodes

A cluster typically has one or more nodes, which are the worker machines that run your containerized applications and other workloads. The individual machines are Compute Engine VM instances that GKE creates on your behalf when you create a cluster.

Each node is managed from the control plane, which receives updates on each node's self-reported status. You can exercise some manual control over node lifecycle, or you can have GKE perform automatic repairs and automatic upgrades on your cluster's nodes.

A node runs the services necessary to support the containers that make up your cluster's workloads. These include the runtime and the Kubernetes node agent (kubelet) which communicates with the control plane and is responsible for starting and running containers scheduled on that node.

In GKE, there are also a number of special containers that run as per-node agents to provide functionality such as log collection and intra-cluster network connectivity.

Node machine type

Each node is of a standard Compute Engine machine type. The default type is e2-medium. You can select a different machine type when you create a cluster.

Node OS images

Each node runs a specialized OS image for running your containers. You can specify which OS image your clusters and node pools use.

Minimum CPU platform

When you create a cluster or node pool, you can specify a baseline minimum CPU platform for its nodes. Choosing a specific CPU platform can be advantageous for advanced or compute-intensive workloads. For more information, refer to Minimum CPU Platform.

Node allocatable resources

Some of a node's resources are required to run the GKE and Kubernetes node components necessary to make that node function as part of your cluster. As such, you may notice a disparity between your node's total resources (as specified in the machine type documentation) and the node's allocatable resources in GKE.

As larger machine types tend to run more containers (and by extension, more Pods), the amount of resources that GKE reserves for Kubernetes components scales upward for larger machines. Windows Server nodes also require more resources than a typical Linux node. The nodes need the extra resources to account for running the Windows OS and for the Windows Server components that can't run in containers.

You can make a request for resources for your Pods or limit their resource usage. To learn how to request or limit resource usage for Pods, refer to Managing Resources for Containers.

To inspect the node allocatable resources available in a cluster, run the following command:

kubectl describe node node-name | grep Allocatable -B 7 -A 6

where node-name is the name of the node to inspect.

The returned output contains Capacity and Allocatable fields with measurements for ephemeral storage, memory, and CPU.

Eviction threshold

To determine how much memory is available for Pods, you must also consider the eviction threshold. GKE reserves an additional 100 MiB of memory on each node for kubelet eviction.

Allocatable memory and CPU resources

Allocatable resources are calculated in the following way:

Allocatable = Capacity - Reserved - Eviction Threshold

For memory resources, GKE reserves the following:

  • 255 MiB of memory for machines with less than 1 GB of memory
  • 25% of the first 4GB of memory
  • 20% of the next 4GB of memory (up to 8GB)
  • 10% of the next 8GB of memory (up to 16GB)
  • 6% of the next 112GB of memory (up to 128GB)
  • 2% of any memory above 128GB

For CPU resources, GKE reserves the following:

  • 6% of the first core
  • 1% of the next core (up to 2 cores)
  • 0.5% of the next 2 cores (up to 4 cores)
  • 0.25% of any cores above 4 cores

The following table shows the amount of allocatable memory and CPU resources that are available for scheduling your cluster's Linux workloads for each standard node machine type.

Machine type Memory capacity (GB) Allocatable memory (GB) CPU capacity (cores) Allocatable CPU (cores)
c2-standard-4 16 13.3 4 3.92
c2-standard-8 32 28.6 8 7.91
c2-standard-16 64 58.7 16 15.89
c2-standard-30 120 111.2 30 29.89
c2-standard-60 240 228.4 60 59.85
e2-micro 1 0.62 2 0.941
e2-small 2 1.35 2 0.941
e2-medium (default) 4 2.76 2 0.941
e2-standard-2 8 6.1 2 1.93
e2-standard-4 16 13.3 4 3.92
e2-standard-8 32 28.6 8 7.91
e2-standard-16 64 58.7 16 15.89
e2-highmem-2 16 13.3 2 1.93
e2-highmem-4 32 28.6 4 3.92
e2-highmem-8 64 58.7 8 7.91
e2-highmem-16 128 118.6 16 15.89
e2-highcpu-2 2 1.5 2 1.93
e2-highcpu-4 4 2.9 4 3.92
e2-highcpu-8 8 6.1 8 7.91
e2-highcpu-16 16 13.3 16 15.89
g1-small 1.7 1.2 1 0.94
m1-megamem-96 1433.6 1414.7 96 95.69
m1-ultramem-40 961 942.1 40 39.85
m1-ultramem-80 1922 1903.1 80 79.77
m1-ultramem-160 3844 3825.1 160 159.69
m1-ultramem-208 5888 5869.1 208 207.69
m1-ultramem-416 11776 11757.1 416 415.69
n1-standard-1 3.75 2.7 1 0.94
n1-standard-2 7.5 5.7 2 1.93
n1-standard-4 15 12.3 4 3.92
n1-standard-8 30 26.6 8 7.91
n1-standard-16 60 54.7 16 15.89
n1-standard-32 120 111.2 32 31.85
n1-standard-64 240 228.4 64 63.77
n1-standard-96 360 346.4 96 95.69
n1-highmem-2 13 10.7 2 1.93
n1-highmem-4 26 22.8 4 3.92
n1-highmem-8 52 47.2 8 7.91
n1-highmem-16 104 96.0 16 15.89
n1-highmem-32 208 197.4 32 31.85
n1-highmem-64 416 400.8 64 63.77
n1-highmem-96 624 605.1 96 95.69
n1-highcpu-2 1.8 1.3 2 1.93
n1-highcpu-4 3.6 2.6 4 3.92
n1-highcpu-8 7.2 5.5 8 7.91
n1-highcpu-16 14.4 11.9 16 15.89
n1-highcpu-32 28.8 25.3 32 31.85
n1-highcpu-64 57.6 52.5 64 63.77
n1-highcpu-96 86.4 79.6 96 95.69
n2-standard-2 8 6.1 2 1.93
n2-standard-4 16 13.3 4 3.92
n2-standard-8 32 28.6 8 7.91
n2-standard-16 64 58.7 16 15.89
n2-standard-32 128 118.6 32 31.85
n2-standard-48 192 182.6 48 47.85
n2-standard-64 256 244.4 64 63.77
n2-standard-80 320 308.4 80 79.77
n2-highmem-2 16 13.3 2 1.93
n2-highmem-4 32 28.6 4 3.92
n2-highmem-8 64 58.7 8 7.91
n2-highmem-16 128 118.6 16 15.89
n2-highmem-32 256 244.4 32 31.85
n2-highmem-48 384 370.4 48 47.85
n2-highmem-64 512 496.8 64 63.77
n2-highmem-80 640 621.1 80 79.77
n2-highcpu-2 2 1.5 2 1.93
n2-highcpu-4 4 2.9 4 3.92
n2-highcpu-8 8 6.1 8 7.91
n2-highcpu-16 16 13.3 16 15.89
n2-highcpu-32 32 28.6 32 31.85
n2-highcpu-48 48 44.6 48 47.85
n2-highcpu-64 64 58.7 64 63.77
n2-highcpu-80 80 74.7 80 79.77
n2d-standard-2 8 6.1 2 1.93
n2d-standard-4 16 13.3 4 3.92
n2d-standard-8 32 28.6 8 7.91
n2d-standard-16 64 58.7 16 15.89
n2d-standard-32 128 118.6 32 31.85
n2d-standard-48 192 182.6 48 47.85
n2d-standard-64 256 244.4 64 63.77
n2d-standard-80 320 308.4 80 79.77
n2d-standard-96 384 370.4 96 95.69
n2d-standard-128 512 496.8 128 127.69
n2d-standard-224 896 877.1 224 223.69
n2d-highmem-2 16 13.3 2 1.93
n2d-highmem-4 32 28.6 4 3.92
n2d-highmem-8 64 58.7 8 7.91
n2d-highmem-16 128 118.6 16 15.89
n2d-highmem-32 256 244.4 32 31.85
n2d-highmem-48 384 370.4 48 47.85
n2d-highmem-64 512 496.8 64 63.77
n2d-highmem-80 640 621.1 80 79.77
n2d-highmem-96 780 761.1 96 95.69
n2d-highcpu-2 2 1.5 2 1.93
n2d-highcpu-4 4 2.9 4 3.92
n2d-highcpu-8 8 6.1 8 7.91
n2d-highcpu-16 16 13.3 16 15.89
n2d-highcpu-32 32 28.6 32 31.85
n2d-highcpu-48 48 44.6 48 47.85
n2d-highcpu-64 64 58.7 64 63.77
n2d-highcpu-80 80 74.7 80 79.77
n2d-highcpu-96 96 89.2 96 95.69
n2d-highcpu-128 128 118.6 128 127.69
n2d-highcpu-224 224 213.4 224 223.69

1GKE has decided to reduce the allocatable CPU resources available to schedule user workloads (known as the node allocatable resources) on e2-micro, e2-small, and e2-medium machine types. For more details, see the GKE release notes.

Allocatable local ephemeral storage resources

Beginning in GKE version 1.10, you can manage your local ephemeral storage resources as you do your CPU and memory resources. To learn how to make your Pods specify ephemeral storage requests and limits and to see how they are acted on, see Local ephemeral storage in the Kubernetes documentation.

GKE typically configures its nodes with a single file system and periodic scanning. Ephemeral storage can also be backed by local SSDs. In either case, a portion of the file system is reserved for kubelet use. The remaining portion, called allocatable local ephemeral storage, is available for use as ephemeral storage resources.

The amount of the file system reserved for kubelet and other system components is given by:

EVICTION-THRESHOLD + SYSTEM-RESERVATION

Ephemeral storage backed by boot disk

By default, ephemeral storage is backed by the node boot disk. In this case, the eviction threshold and system reservation size are given by the following formulas:

EVICTION-THRESHOLD = 10% * BOOT-DISK-CAPACITY

SYSTEM-RESERVATION = Min(50% * BOOT-DISK-CAPACITY, 6K + 35% * BOOT-DISK-CAPACITY, 100 GB)

For an approximate representation of the amount of allocatable ephemeral storage available as boot disk capacity increases, see the following graph:

A graph showing how ephemeral storage increases with boot disk capacity. The relationship is approximately linear.

Ephemeral storage backed by local SSDs

The system reserved space depends on the number of local SSDs:

Number of local SSDs SYSTEM-RESERVATION (GB)
1 50
2 75
3 or more 100

The eviction threshold is similar to ephemeral storage backed by the boot disk:

EVICTION-THRESHOLD = 10% * NUM-LOCAL-SSDS * 375 GB

Note that 375 GB is the capacity of each local SSDs. To learn more, see the Compute Engine documentation on Adding Local SSDs.