Setting up OS Login

OS Login lets you use Compute Engine IAM roles to manage SSH access to Linux instances and is an alternative to manually managing instance access by adding and removing SSH keys in metadata.

This topic covers the basic steps for setting up OS Login. When you set up OS Login, you can add a layer of security by using two-factor authentication. For more information, see Setting up OS Login with two-factor authentication.

To configure OS Login and connect to your instances, use the following process:

1. Enable the OS Login feature on your project or on individual instances.
2. Grant the necessary IAM roles to yourself, your project members, or your organization members.
3. Optionally, complete any of the following steps:
   • Add custom SSH keys to user accounts for yourself, your project member, or organization members. Alternatively, Compute Engine can automatically generate these keys for you when you connect to instances.
   • If your project is part of an organization, review Managing OS Login in an organization.
4. Connect to instances.
5. Review the expected login behaviors.

Note: If your project is part of an organization, you can grant instance access to users who are outside of your organization by granting roles/compute.osLoginExternalUser, or a custom role with the compute.oslogin.updateExternalUser permission, to those users at the organization level. For more information, see Granting instance access to users outside of your organization.

Before you begin

• If you want to use the command-line examples in this guide:
  1. Install or update to the latest version of the gcloud command-line tool.
  2. Set a default region and zone.
• If you want to use the API examples in this guide, set up API access.

Limitations

• OS Login is not currently supported in Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). GKE cluster nodes continue to use metadata SSH keys when OS Login is enabled.

• Windows Server and SQL Server image families do not yet support OS Login.

Enabling or disabling OS Login

Before you can manage instance access using IAM roles, you must enable the OS Login feature by setting a metadata key-value pair in your project or in your instance's metadata: enable-oslogin=TRUE. To disable OS Login, set the metadata value to FALSE. For example, you might enable the feature across your entire project using enable-oslogin=TRUE at the project level, but set enable-oslogin=FALSE on specific instances that can't use it yet.

Caution: Enabling OS Login on instances disables metadata-based SSH key configurations on those instances. Disabling OS Login restores SSH keys that you have configured in project or instance metadata.

You can apply the enable-oslogin metadata value on your projects or instances by using one of the following options:

Console

You can apply the metadata values on your projects or VMs using one of the following options:

• Option 1: Set enable-oslogin in project-wide metadata so that it applies to all of the instances in your project.

  1. In the Google Cloud Console, go to the Metadata page.

     Go to the Metadata page

  2. Click Edit.
  3. Add a metadata entry where the key is enable-oslogin and the value is TRUE. Alternatively, set the value to FALSE to disable the feature.
  4. Click Save to apply the changes.

  For VMs that are not running CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect. To restart, perform a stop and then start operation on your instances.

• Option 2: Set enable-oslogin in the metadata of an existing instance.

  1. In the Google Cloud Console, go to the VM instances page.

     Go to the VM instances page

  2. Click the name of the instance on which you want to set the metadata value.
  3. At the top of the instance details page, click Edit to edit the instance settings.
  4. Under Custom metadata, add a metadata entry where the key is enable-oslogin and the value is TRUE. Alternatively, set the value to FALSE to exclude the instance from the feature.
  5. At the bottom of the instance details page, click Save to apply your changes to the instance.

  For all operating systems except CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect. To restart, perform a stop and then start operation on your instances.

• Option 3: Set enable-oslogin in instance metadata when you create an instance.

  1. In the Cloud Console, go to the VM Instances page.

     Go to the VM Instances page

  2. Click Create instance.
  3. On the Create a new instance page, fill in the properties for your instance.
  4. In the Metadata section, add a metadata entry where the key is enable-oslogin and the value is TRUE. Alternatively, set the value to FALSE to exclude the instance from the feature.
  5. Click Create to create the instance.

gcloud

You can apply the metadata values on your projects or VMs using one of the following options:

• Option 1: Set enable-oslogin in project-wide metadata so that it applies to all of the instances in your project.

  Use the project-info add-metadata command in the gcloud command-line tool and set oslogin=TRUE to enable OS Login:

  gcloud compute project-info add-metadata \
      --metadata enable-oslogin=TRUE
  

  Alternatively, you can set enable-oslogin to FALSE to disable OS Login.

  For VMs that are not running CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect.

• Option 2: Set enable-oslogin in metadata of an existing instance.

  Use the instances add-metadata command in the gcloud command-line tool and set oslogin=TRUE to enable OS Login. Replace instance-name with the name of your instance.

  gcloud compute instances add-metadata instance-name \
      --metadata enable-oslogin=TRUE
  

  Alternatively, you can set enable-oslogin to FALSE to exclude your instance from using OS Login.

  For all operating systems except CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect.

• Option 3: Set enable-oslogin in instance metadata when you create an instance.

  Use the instances create command in the gcloud command-line tool and set oslogin=TRUE to enable OS Login. Replace instance-name with the name of your instance.

  gcloud compute instances create instance-name \
      --metadata enable-oslogin=TRUE
  

  Alternatively, you can set enable-oslogin to FALSE to exclude your instance from using OS Login.

In addition to the required metadata values, your instance must have the latest version of the guest environment installed. If you have instances that run custom images that you imported, install the guest environment on those instances to enable OS Login.

After you enable OS Login on the instances in your project, grant users permission to connect to those instances.

Configuring OS Login roles on user accounts

Granting OS Login IAM roles

After you enable OS Login on one or more instances in your project, those VMs accept connections only from user accounts that have the necessary IAM roles in your project or organization.

To allow OS Login access to these VMs, you need to grant the necessary roles to the user. To allow OS Login access, complete the following steps:

1. Grant one of the following instance access roles.

   • roles/compute.osLogin, which does not grant administrator permissions
   • roles/compute.osAdminLogin, which grants administrator permissions.
   Note: If the user has the primitive roles/owner or roles/admin role, or if they have roles/compute.instanceAdmin, these roles already include instance access roles with administrator permissions.

   You can grant these instance access roles at the instance level by using the gcloud compute instances add-iam-policy-binding command.

   Note: If you grant the instance access roles at the instance level, users cannot view details about your VMs or the external IP addresses for those VMs unless you provide those details directly to them. To allow these users to view VM instance details, grant additional IAM roles. For example, the roles/compute.viewer role lets users view all of the resources in your project, including VM instance details.

2. If your VM instance uses a service account, then each user must be configured to have the roles/iam.serviceAccountUser role on the service account. To learn how to add access for a user to a service account, see Configuring ownership and access to a service account.

   Note: VMs created using the gcloud command-line tool or the Google Cloud Console have a service account associated by default. VMs that do not have an associated service account do not require this permission.

3. For users that are outside of your organization to access your VMs, in addition to granting an instance access role, grant the roles/compute.osLoginExternalUser role. This role must be granted at the organization level by an organization administrator.

Granting SSH access to a service account

You can use OS Login roles to allow service accounts to establish SSH connections to your instances. This is useful for the following tasks:

• If your applications require SSH access to your Compute Engine instances, you can provide that access through a service account. For more information, see Connecting apps to instances using SSH.
• For information about how to assume the permissions of a service account and use them to chain-SSH between instances manually, read Manually connecting between instances as a service account.

You can grant SSH access to your service accounts by using the following process:

1. Create a service account.
2. Grant the necessary OS Login roles to your service account. Service accounts require the same roles as user accounts. To learn how to configure roles and permissions for service accounts, see Granting roles to service accounts
3. Provide Application Default Credentials to your service account so that it can authorize requests to the necessary APIs. Provide Application Default Credentials using one of the following options:
   • Create an instance that is associated with your service account. The instance provides Application Default Credentials to your service account.
   • Manually provide service account credentials to your app if you run your app outside of the Compute Engine environment.

After you grant SSH access to your service accounts, you can configure your apps to create SSH keys and establish SSH connections to other instances on your VPC networks. Read the Connecting applications to instances using SSH tutorial to see an example app for service account SSH.

Revoking OS Login IAM roles

To revoke user access to instances that are enabled to use OS Login, remove the user roles from that user account. For information about removing an IAM role for a user, see Granting, changing, and revoking access to resources.

When a user's access is revoked, the user will still have public SSH keys that are associated with their account, but those keys no longer function on the VM instances.

Note: Users with active SSH connections are not disconnected and retain their sudo privileges until the next time they establish an SSH connection. Compute Engine determines a user's authentication, authorization, and sudo privileges only when a user establishes a connection to an instance.

Connect to instances

After you configure the necessary roles, connect to an instance using Compute Engine tools. Compute Engine automatically generates SSH keys and associates them with your user account.

Alternatively, if you create your own SSH keys and add the public keys to your user account, you can connect to instances using third-party tools. The instance obtains your public key from your user account and lets you connect to the instance if you provide the correct user name and matching private SSH key.

After you connect to your instance, review the expected login behaviors.

Expected login behaviors

• On some instances using OS Login, you might receive the following error message after the connection is established:

  /usr/bin/id: cannot find name for group ID 123456789

  Ignore this error message. This error does not affect your instances.

• If a username is not set by a G Suite administrator, OS Login generates a default Linux username by combining the username and domain from the email associated with the user's Google profile. This naming convention ensures uniqueness. For example, if the user email associated with the Google profile is [e-mail], then their generated username is user_example_com.

  G Suite organizations can optionally change their default to remove the domain suffix for newly generated usernames. For example, if the user email associated with the Google profile is [e-mail], then their generated username is user. For more information, see Managing the OS Login API.

  If a user is from a separate G Suite organization, the generated username is prefixed with 'ext_'. For example, if [e-mail] is accessing a VM in a different organization, then their generated username is ext_user_example_com.

• When you log in to an instance by using the gcloud compute ssh command, the login message has the following format for a user user that belongs to the example.com domain:

  Using OS Login user user_example_com instead of default user user

  This message confirms that that the user is logging in with an OS Login profile.

Adding SSH keys to a user account

You can associate public SSH keys with the following user account types:

• Managed user accounts that are part of an organization resource:
  • G Suite
  • Cloud Identity
• Consumer Google accounts, such as gmail.com accounts

You can use the gcloud command-line tool, or the OS Login API to add SSH keys to your own account. Alternatively, if you are a domain admin for an organization, you can use the Directory API, to add SSH keys to the user account in your organization.

gcloud

The gcloud compute os-login commands are available only on Cloud SDK version 184 and later.

Use the gcloud command-line tool to associate public SSH keys with an account.

gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add \
    --key-file key-file-path \
    --ttl expire-time

Replace the following:

• key-file-path: The path to the public SSH key on your local workstation. Ensure that the public SSH key is properly formatted. If you use PuTTYgen on Linux systems to generate your public keys, you must use the public-openssh format.
• expire-time: An optional flag to set an expiration time for the public SSH key. For example, you can specify 30m and the SSH key will expire after 30 minutes. This flag uses the following units:
  • s for seconds
  • m for minutes
  • h for hours
  • d for days Set the value to 0 to indicate no expiration time.

OS Login API

Use the OS Login API to associate public SSH keys with an account:

POST https://oslogin.googleapis.com/v1/users/account-email:importSshPublicKey

{
 "key": "ssh-key",
 "expirationTimeUsec": "expiration-timestamp"
}

Replace the following:

• account-email: The email address that represents your managed user account.
• ssh-key: The public key that you want to apply to the account. Ensure that the public SSH key is properly formatted. If you use PuTTYgen on Linux systems to generate your public keys, you must use the public-openssh format.
• expiration-timestamp: The expiration time for the key, in microseconds since epoch.

Directory API

If you are a domain admin for an organization, you can use the Directory API reference to add SSH keys to the account of another user in your organization. For example, create a PUT request to the directory.users.update method with one or more SSH sshPublicKeys entries:

PUT https://www.googleapis.com/admin/directory/v1/users/user-id-key

{
 "sshPublicKeys": [
  {
   "key": "ssh-key",
   "expirationTimeUsec": "expiration-timestamp"
  },
  {
   "key": "ssh-key",
   "expirationTimeUsec": "expiration-timestamp"
  }
 ]
}

Replace the following:

• user-id-key: An immutable ID for the user.
• ssh-key: A public key that you want to apply to the account. Ensure that the public SSH key is properly formatted. If you use PuTTYgen on Linux systems to generate your public keys, you must use the public-openssh format.
• expiration-timestamp: The expiration time for a key, in microseconds since epoch.

To remove all keys from an account, specify "sshPublicKeys": null as the body, replacing user-id-key with an immutable ID for the user:

PUT https://www.googleapis.com/admin/directory/v1/users/user-id-key

{
  "sshPublicKeys": null
}

After you add your keys to your account, you can connect to instances using third-party tools and the username associated with your account. Your organization admin can change this username. You can find the username for your account by running the gcloud compute os-login describe-profile command:

gcloud compute os-login describe-profile

name: account-email
posixAccounts:
⋮
  username: user-name
⋮

Replace the following:

• account-email: The email address that represents your managed user account.
• user-name: The username for establishing SSH connections. By default, this is generated from your account-email.

What's next

• Connect to instances.
• Learn more about Compute Engine access control.
• Read about service accounts.
• Read the Connecting apps to instances using SSH tutorial to see an example app for service account SSH.
• Read about Google Cloud project access.