Data manipulation language

The BigQuery data manipulation language (DML) enables you to update, insert, and delete data from your BigQuery tables.

You can execute DML statements just as you would a SELECT statement, with the following conditions:

  • You must use standard SQL. To enable standard SQL, see Switching SQL dialects.

  • You cannot specify a destination table. For example, in the Cloud Console you must have Destination Table set to No table selected.

    Cloud Console showing no destination table selected.

Limitations

  • Each DML statement initiates an implicit transaction, which means that changes made by the statement are automatically committed at the end of each successful DML statement. There is no support for multi-statement transactions.

  • Rows that were written to a table recently by using streaming (the tabledata.insertall method) cannot be modified with UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE statements. Recent writes are typically those that occur within the last 30 minutes. Note that all other rows in the table remain modifiable by using UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE statements.

  • Correlated subqueries within a when_clause, search_condition, merge_update_clause or merge_insert_clause are not supported for MERGE statements.

  • Queries that contain DML statements cannot use a wildcard table as the target of the query. For example, a wildcard table can be used in the FROM clause of an UPDATE query, but a wildcard table cannot be used as the target of the UPDATE operation.

  • DML statements are subject to the rate limits on table metadata update operations. For more information, see Data Manipulation Language statements in the Quotas and limits document.

Concurrent jobs

BigQuery manages the concurrency of DML statements that add or modify or delete rows in a table.

INSERT DML concurrency

During any 24 hour period, the first 1000 statements that INSERT into a table run concurrently. After this limit is reached, the concurrency of INSERT statements that write to a table is limited to 10. Any INSERT DML jobs beyond 10 are queued in PENDING state. After a previous job finishes, the next PENDING job is dequeued and run. Currently, up to 100 INSERT DML statements can be queued against a table at any given time.

UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE DML concurrency

We refer to UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE DML statements as mutating DML statements. If you submit one or more mutating DML statements on a table while other mutating DML jobs on it are still running (or pending), BigQuery will run up to 2 of them concurrently, after which up to 20 will be queued as pending. When a previously running job finishes, the next PENDING job is dequeued and run. Currently, queued mutating DML statements share a per-table queue with maximum length 20. Additional statements past the maximum queue length for each table will fail.

INTERACTIVE priority DML jobs that are queued for more than 6 hours fail.

DML statement conflicts

Concurrently running mutating DML statements on a table might fail due to conflicts in the changes they make. BigQuery retries these failures.

  • An INSERT DML statement that inserts rows to a table doesn't conflict with any other concurrently running DML statement.

  • MERGE DML statements that contain only an INSERT clause with no UPDATE or DELETE clauses don't conflict with any other concurrently running DML statement.

  • MERGE DML statements with UPDATE or DELETE clauses don't conflict with any other concurrently running DML statement as long the MERGE statement does not lead to update or deletion of existing rows.

Pricing

For information on DML pricing, see Data Manipulation Language pricing on the Pricing page.

Best practices

For best performance, we recommend the following patterns:

  • Avoid submitting large numbers of individual row updates or insertions. Instead, group DML operations together when possible. For more information, see DML statements that update or insert single rows.

  • If updates or deletions generally happen on older data, or within a particular range of dates, consider partitioning your tables. Partitioning ensures that the changes are limited to specific partitions within the table.

  • Avoid partitioning tables if the amount of data in each partition is small and each update modifies a large fraction of the partitions.

  • If you often update rows where one or more columns fall within a narrow range of values, consider using clustered tables. Clustering ensures that changes are limited to specific sets of blocks, reducing the amount of data that needs to be read and written. The following is an example of an UPDATE statement that filters on a range of column values:

    UPDATE s = "some string" WHERE id BETWEEN 54 AND 75

    Here is a similar example that filters on a small list of column values:

    UPDATE s = "some string" WHERE id IN (54, 57, 60)

    Consider clustering on the id column in these cases.

  • If you need OLTP functionality, consider using Cloud SQL federated queries, which enable BigQuery to query data that resides in Cloud SQL.

What's next

  • See DML syntax and samples on the DML syntax page.