Authenticate to BigQuery

This document describes how to authenticate to BigQuery programmatically. How you authenticate to BigQuery depends on the interface you use to access the API and the environment where your code is running.

For a short example of authenticating to BigQuery, see Getting started with authentication.

For more information about Google Cloud authentication, see the authentication overview.

API access

BigQuery supports programmatic access. You can access the API in the following ways:

Client libraries

The BigQuery API client libraries provide high-level language support for authenticating to BigQuery programmatically. To authenticate calls to Google Cloud APIs, client libraries support Application Default Credentials (ADC); the libraries look for credentials in a set of defined locations and use those credentials to authenticate requests to the API. With ADC, you can make credentials available to your application in a variety of environments, such as local development or production, without needing to modify your application code.

Google Cloud CLI

When you use the gcloud CLI to access BigQuery, you log in to the gcloud CLI with a Google Account, which provides the credentials used by the gcloud CLI commands.

If your organization's security policies prevent user accounts from having the required permissions, you can use service account impersonation.

For more information, see Authenticate for using the gcloud CLI. For more information about using the gcloud CLI with BigQuery, see Install the gcloud CLI.

REST

You can authenticate to the BigQueryAPI by using your gcloud CLI credentials or by using Application Default Credentials. For more information about authentication for REST requests, see Authenticate for using REST. For information about the types of credentials, see gcloud CLI credentials and ADC credentials.

Set up authentication for BigQuery

How you set up authentication depends on the environment where your code is running.

The following options for setting up authentication are the most commonly used. For more options and information about authentication, see Authentication at Google.

For a local development environment

You can set up credentials for a local development environment in the following ways:

Client libraries or third-party tools

Set up Application Default Credentials (ADC) in your local environment:

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI, then initialize it by running the following command:

    gcloud init
  2. Create local authentication credentials for your Google Account:

    gcloud auth application-default login

    A login screen is displayed. After you log in, your credentials are stored in the local credential file used by ADC.

For more information about working with ADC in a local environment, see Local development environment.

REST requests from the command line

When you make a REST request from the command line, you can use your gcloud CLI credentials by including gcloud auth print-access-token as part of the command that sends the request.

The following example lists service accounts for the specified project. You can use the same pattern for any REST request.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

  • PROJECT_ID: Your Google Cloud project ID.

To send your request, expand one of these options:

 

For more information about authenticating using REST and gRPC, see Authenticate for using REST. For information about the difference between your local ADC credentials and your gcloud CLI credentials, see gcloud CLI credentials and ADC credentials.

Service account impersonation

In most cases, you can use your user credentials to authenticate from a local development environment. If that is not feasible, or if you need to test the permissions assigned to a service account, you can use service account impersonation. You must have the iam.serviceAccounts.getAccessToken permission, which is included in the Service Account Token Creator (roles/iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator) IAM role.

You can set up the gcloud CLI to use service account impersonation by using the gcloud config set command:

gcloud config set auth/impersonate_service_account SERVICE_ACCT_EMAIL

For select languages, you can use service account impersonation to create a local ADC file for use by client libraries. This approach is supported only for the Go, Java, Node.js, and Python client libraries—it is not supported for the other languages. To set up a local ADC file with service account impersonation, use the --impersonate-service-account flag with the gcloud auth application-default login command:

gcloud auth application-default login --impersonate-service-account=SERVICE_ACCT_EMAIL

For more information about service account impersonation, see Use service account impersonation.

On Google Cloud

To authenticate a workload running on Google Cloud, you use the credentials of the service account attached to the compute resource where your code is running. For example, you can attach a service account to a Compute Engine virtual machine (VM) instance, a Cloud Run service, or a Dataflow job. This approach is the preferred authentication method for code running on a Google Cloud compute resource.

For most services, you must attach the service account when you create the resource that will run your code; you cannot add or replace the service account later. Compute Engine is an exception—it lets you attach a service account to a VM instance at any time.

Use the gcloud CLI to create a service account and attach it to your resource:

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI, then initialize it by running the following command:

    gcloud init
  2. Set up authentication:

    1. Create the service account:

      gcloud iam service-accounts create SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME

      Replace SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME with a name for the service account.

    2. To provide access to your project and your resources, grant a role to the service account:

      gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID --member="serviceAccount:SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com" --role=ROLE

      Replace the following:

      • SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME: the name of the service account
      • PROJECT_ID: the project ID where you created the service account
      • ROLE: the role to grant
    3. To grant another role to the service account, run the command as you did in the previous step.
    4. Grant your Google Account a role that lets you use the service account's roles and attach the service account to other resources:

      gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com --member="user:USER_EMAIL" --role=roles/iam.serviceAccountUser

      Replace the following:

      • SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME: the name of the service account
      • PROJECT_ID: the project ID where you created the service account
      • USER_EMAIL: the email address for your Google Account
  3. Create the resource that will run your code, and attach the service account to that resource. For example, if you use Compute Engine:

    Create a Compute Engine instance. Configure the instance as follows:
    • Replace INSTANCE_NAME with your preferred instance name.
    • Set the --zone flag to the zone in which you want to create your instance.
    • Set the --service-account flag to the email address for the service account that you created.
    gcloud compute instances create INSTANCE_NAME --zone=ZONE --service-account=SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL

For more information about authenticating to Google APIs, see Authentication at Google.

On-premises or on a different cloud provider

The preferred method to set up authentication from outside of Google Cloud is to use workload identity federation. For more information, see On-premises or another cloud provider in the authentication documentation.

Access control for BigQuery

After you authenticate to BigQuery, you must be authorized to access Google Cloud resources. BigQuery uses Identity and Access Management (IAM) for authorization.

For more information about the roles for BigQuery, see Introduction to IAM in BigQuery. For more information about IAM and authorization, see IAM overview.

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