The ML.EVALUATE function

This document describes the ML.EVALUATE function, which lets you evaluate model metrics.

Syntax

# Remote models over LLMs:
ML.EVALUATE(
  MODEL `project_id.dataset.model`,
  { TABLE `project_id.dataset.table` | (query_statement) },
    STRUCT(
      [task_type AS task_type]
      [, max_output_tokens AS max_output_tokens]
      [, temperature AS temperature]
      [, top_k AS top_k]
      [, top_p AS top_p])
)

# ARIMA_PLUS and ARIMA_PLUS_XREG models:
ML.EVALUATE(
  MODEL `project_id.dataset.model`
  [, { TABLE `project_id.dataset.table` | (query_statement) }],
    STRUCT(
      [threshold_value AS threshold]
      [, perform_aggregation AS perform_aggregation]
      [, horizon_value AS horizon]
      [, confidence_level AS confidence_level]
      [, trial_id AS trial_id])
)

# All other types of models:
ML.EVALUATE(
  MODEL `project_id.dataset.model`
  [, { TABLE `project_id.dataset.table` | (query_statement) }],
    STRUCT(
      [threshold_value AS threshold]
      [, trial_id AS trial_id])
)

Arguments

ML.EVALUATE takes the following arguments:

  • project_id: your project ID.
  • dataset: the BigQuery dataset that contains the model.

  • model: the name of the model.

    This function works with all model types except for imported TensorFlow models and remote models over Cloud AI services. If you use ML.EVALUATE with a remote model over a Vertex AI large language model (LLM), the remote model must use one of the following LLMs:

    • gemini-pro
    • text-bison
    • text-unicorn

    Using ML.EVALUATE with a remote model over an LLM is in preview.

  • table: the name of the input table that contains the evaluation data.

    If table is specified, the input column names in the table must match the column names in the model, and their types should be compatible according to BigQuery implicit coercion rules.

    The following column naming requirements apply:

    • For remote models over tuned text-bison LLMs:

      • The table must have a column whose name matches the prompt column name that is provided during model training. You can provide this value by using the prompt_col option during model training. If prompt_col is unspecified, the column named prompt in the training data is used. An error is returned if there is no column named prompt.
      • The table must have a column whose name matches the label column name that is provided during model training. You can provide this value by using the input_label_cols option during model training. If input_label_cols is unspecified, the column named label in the training data is used. An error is returned if there is no column named label.

      You can find information about the label and prompt columns by looking at the model schema information in the Google Cloud console.

      For more information, see AS SELECT.

    • For remote models over pre-trained text-bison, text-unicorn, or gemini-pro models:

      • The table must have a column named input_text that contains the prompt text to use when evaluating the model.
      • The table must have a column named output_text that contains the generated text that you would expect to be returned by the model.

    • For classification and regression models: The input must have a column that matches the label column name that is provided during model training. You can provide this value by using the input_label_cols option during model training. If input_label_cols is unspecified, the column named label in the training data is used.

  • query_statement: a GoogleSQL query that is used to generate the evaluation data. For the supported SQL syntax of the query_statement clause in GoogleSQL, see Query syntax.

    If you used the TRANSFORM clause in the CREATE MODEL statement that created the model, then only the input columns present in the TRANSFORM clause must appear in query_statement.

    The following column naming requirements apply:

    • For remote models over tuned text-bison LLMs:

      • The query must contain a column whose name matches the prompt column name that is provided during model training. You can provide this value by using the prompt_col option during model training. If prompt_col is unspecified, the column named prompt in the training data is used. An error is returned if there is no column named prompt.
      • The query must contain a column whose name matches the label column name that is provided during model training. You can provide this value by using the input_label_cols option during model training. If input_label_cols is unspecified, the column named label in the training data is used. An error is returned if there is no column named label.

      You can find information about the label and prompt columns by looking at the model schema information in the Google Cloud console.

      For more information, see AS SELECT.

    • For remote models over pre-trained text-bison, text-unicorn, or gemini-pro models:

      • The query must contain a column named input_text that contains the prompt text to use when evaluating the model.
      • The query must contain a column named output_text that contains the generated text that you would expect to be returned by the model.

    • For classification and regression models: The input must have a column that matches the label column name that is provided during model training. You can provide this value by using the input_label_cols option during model training. If input_label_cols is unspecified, the column named label in the training data is used.

  • threshold: a FLOAT64 value that specifies a custom threshold for the binary-class classification model to use for evaluation. The default value is 0.5.

    A 0 value for precision or recall means that the selected threshold produced no true positive labels. A NaN value for precision means that the selected threshold produced no positive labels, neither true positives nor false positives.

    If both table_name and query_statement are unspecified, you can't use a threshold.

    You can only use threshold with binary-class classification models.

  • perform_aggregation: a BOOL value that indicates the level of evaluation for forecasting accuracy. If you specify TRUE, then the forecasting accuracy is on the time series level. If you specify FALSE, the forecasting accuracy is on the timestamp level. The default value is TRUE.

  • horizon: an INT64 value that specifies the number of forecasted time points against which the evaluation metrics are computed. The default value is the horizon value specified in the CREATE MODEL statement for the time series model, or 1000 if unspecified. When evaluating multiple time series at the same time, this parameter applies to each time series.

    You can only use horizon when the model type is ARIMA_PLUS and either table_name or query_statement is specified.

  • confidence_level: a FLOAT64 value that specifies the percentage of the future values that fall in the prediction interval. The default value is 0.95. The valid input range is [0, 1).

    You can only use confidence_level when the model type is ARIMA_PLUS, either table_name or query_statement is specified, and perform_aggregation is set to FALSE. The value of confidence_level affects the upper_bound and lower_bound values in the output.

  • trial_id: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial that you want the function to evaluate. The function uses the optimal trial by default. Only specify this argument if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model.

  • task_type: a STRING value that specifies the type of task for which you want to evaluate the model's performance. The valid options are the following:

    • TEXT_GENERATION
    • CLASSIFICATION
    • SUMMARIZATION
    • QUESTION_ANSWERING

    The default value is TEXT_GENERATION.

    You can only use this option with a remote model that targets a Vertex AI LLM.

  • max_output_tokens: an INT64 value that sets the maximum number of tokens output by the model. This value must be in the range [1,1024]. Specify a lower value for shorter responses and a higher value for longer responses. The default value is 128.

    A token might be smaller than a word and is approximately four characters. 100 tokens correspond to approximately 60-80 words.

    You can only use this option with a remote model that targets a Vertex AI LLM.

  • temperature: a FLOAT64 value in the range [0.0,1.0] that is used for sampling during the response generation, which occurs when top_k and top_p are applied. It controls the degree of randomness in token selection. Lower temperature values are good for prompts that require a more deterministic and less open-ended or creative response, while higher temperature values can lead to more diverse or creative results. A temperature value of 0 is deterministic, meaning that the highest probability response is always selected. The default is 0.

    You can only use this option with a remote model that targets a Vertex AI LLM.

  • top_k: an INT64 value in the range [1,40] that changes how the model selects tokens for output. Specify a lower value for less random responses and a higher value for more random responses. The default is 40.

    A top_k value of 1 means the next selected token is the most probable among all tokens in the model's vocabulary, while a top_k value of 3 means that the next token is selected from among the three most probable tokens by using the temperature value.

    For each token selection step, the top_k tokens with the highest probabilities are sampled. Then tokens are further filtered based on the top_p value, with the final token selected using temperature sampling.

    You can only use this option with a remote model that targets a Vertex AI LLM.

  • top_p: a FLOAT64 value in the range [0.0,1.0] that changes how the model selects tokens for output. Specify a lower value for less random responses and a higher value for more random responses. The default is 0.95.

    Tokens are selected from the most (based on the top_k value) to least probable until the sum of their probabilities equals the top_p value. For example, if tokens A, B, and C have a probability of 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 and the top_p value is 0.5, then the model selects either A or B as the next token by using the temperature value and doesn't consider C.

    You can only use this option with a remote model that targets a Vertex AI LLM.

Output

ML.EVALUATE returns a single row of metrics applicable to the type of model specified.

For models that return them, the precision, recall, f1_score, log_loss, and roc_auc metrics are macro-averaged for all of the class labels. For a macro-average, metrics are calculated for each label and then an unweighted average is taken of those values.

For models that return the accuracy metric, accuracy is computed as a global total or micro-average. For a micro-average, the metric is calculated globally by counting the total number of correctly predicted rows.

Regression models

Regression models include the following:

  • Linear regression
  • Boosted tree regressor
  • Random forest regressor
  • Deep neural network (DNN) regressor
  • Wide & Deep regressor
  • AutoML Tables regressor

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for regression models:

  • trial_id: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial. This column is only returned if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model. This column doesn't apply for AutoML Tables models.
  • mean_absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean absolute error for the model.
  • mean_squared_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared error for the model.
  • mean_squared_log_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared logarithmic error for the model. The mean squared logarithmic error measures the distance between the actual and predicted values.
  • median_absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the median absolute error for the model.
  • r2_score: a FLOAT64 value that contains the R2 score for the model.
  • explained_variance: a FLOAT64 value that contains the explained variance for the model.

Classification models

Classification models include the following:

  • Logistic regressor
  • Boosted tree classifier
  • Random forest classifier
  • DNN classifier
  • Wide & Deep classifier
  • AutoML Tables classifier

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for classification models:

  • trial_id: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial. This column is only returned if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model. This column doesn't apply for AutoML Tables models.
  • precision: a FLOAT64 value that contains the precision for the model.
  • recall: a FLOAT64 value that contains the recall for the model.
  • accuracy: a FLOAT64 value that contains the accuracy for the model.
  • f1_score: a FLOAT64 value that contains the F1 score for the model.
  • log_loss: a FLOAT64 value that contains the logistic loss for the model.
  • roc_auc: a FLOAT64 value that contains the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the model.

K-means models

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for k-means models:

  • trial_id: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial. This column is only returned if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model.
  • davies_bouldin_index: a FLOAT64 value that contains the Davies-Bouldin Index for the model.
  • mean_squared_distance: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared distance for the model, which is the average of the distances between training data points to their closest centroid.

Matrix factorization models

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for matrix factorization models with implicit feedback:

  • trial_id: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial. This column is only returned if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model.
  • recall: a FLOAT64 value that contains the recall for the model.
  • mean_squared_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared error for the model.
  • normalized_discounted_cumulative_gain: a FLOAT64 value that contains the normalized discounted cumulative gain for the model.
  • average_rank: a FLOAT64 value that contains the average rank (PDF download) for the model.

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for matrix factorization models with explicit feedback:

  • trial_id: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial. This column is only returned if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model.
  • mean_absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean absolute error for the model.
  • mean_squared_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared error for the model.
  • mean_squared_log_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared logarithmic error for the model. The mean squared logarithmic error measures the distance between the actual and predicted values.
  • mean_absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean absolute error for the model.
  • r2_score: a FLOAT64 value that contains the R2 score for the model.
  • explained_variance: a FLOAT64 value that contains the explained variance for the model.

PCA models

ML.EVALUATE returns the following column for PCA models:

  • total_explained_variance_ratio: a FLOAT64 value that contains the percentage of the cumulative variance explained by all the returned principal components. For more information, see the ML.PRINCIPAL_COMPONENT_INFO function.

Time series models

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for ARIMA_PLUS or ARIMA_PLUS_XREG models when input data is provided and perform_aggregation is FALSE:

  • time_series_id_col or time_series_id_cols: a value that contains the identifiers of a time series. time_series_id_col can be an INT64 or STRING value. time_series_id_cols can be an ARRAY<INT64> or ARRAY<STRING> value. Only present when forecasting multiple time series at once. The column names and types are inherited from the TIME_SERIES_ID_COL option as specified in the CREATE MODEL statement. ARIMA_PLUS_XREG models don't support this column.
  • time_series_timestamp_col: a STRING value that contains the timestamp column for a time series. The column name and type are inherited from the TIME_SERIES_TIMESTAMP_COL option as specified in the CREATE MODEL statement.
  • time_series_data_col: a STRING value that contains the data column for a time series. The column name and type are inherited from the TIME_SERIES_DATA_COL option as specified in the CREATE MODEL statement.
  • forecasted_time_series_data_col: a STRING value that contains the same data as time_series_data_col but with forecasted_ prefixed to the column name.
  • lower_bound: a FLOAT64 value that contains the lower bound of the prediction interval.
  • upper_bound: a FLOAT64 value that contains the upper bound of the prediction interval.
  • absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the absolute value of the difference between the forecasted value and the actual data value.
  • absolute_percentage_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the absolute value of the absolute error divided by the actual value.

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for ARIMA_PLUS or ARIMA_PLUS_XREG models when input data is provided and perform_aggregation is TRUE:

  • time_series_id_col or time_series_id_cols: the identifiers of a time series. Only present when forecasting multiple time series at once. The column names and types are inherited from the TIME_SERIES_ID_COL option as specified in the CREATE MODEL statement. ARIMA_PLUS_XREG models don't support this column.
  • mean_absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean absolute error for the model.
  • mean_squared_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared error for the model.
  • root_mean_squared_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the root mean squared error for the model.
  • mean_absolute_percentage_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean absolute percentage error for the model.
  • symmetric_mean_absolute_percentage_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the symmetric mean absolute percentage error for the model.

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for an ARIMA_PLUS model when input data isn't provided:

  • time_series_id_col or time_series_id_cols: the identifiers of a time series. Only present when forecasting multiple time series at once. The column names and types are inherited from the TIME_SERIES_ID_COL option as specified in the CREATE MODEL statement.
  • non_seasonal_p: an INT64 value that contains the order for the autoregressive model. For more information, see Autoregressive integrated moving average.
  • non_seasonal_d: an INT64 that contains the degree of differencing for the non-seasonal model. For more information, see Autoregressive integrated moving average.
  • non_seasonal_q: an INT64 that contains the order for the moving-average model. For more information, see Autoregressive integrated moving average.
  • has_drift: a BOOL value that indicates whether the model includes a linear drift term.
  • log_likelihood: a FLOAT64 value that contains the log likelihood for the model.
  • aic: a FLOAT64 value that contains the Akaike information criterion for the model.
  • variance: a FLOAT64 value that measures how far the observed value differs from the predicted value mean.
  • seasonal_periods: a STRING value that contains the seasonal period for the model.
  • has_holiday_effect: a BOOL value that indicates whether the model includes any holiday effects.
  • has_spikes_and_dips: a BOOL value that indicates whether the model performs automatic spikes and dips detection and cleanup.
  • has_step_changes: a BOOL value that indicates whether the model has step changes.

Autoencoder models

ML.EVALUATE returns the following columns for autoencoder models:

  • mean_absolute_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean absolute error for the model.
  • mean_squared_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared error for the model.
  • mean_squared_log_error: a FLOAT64 value that contains the mean squared logarithmic error for the model. The mean squared logarithmic error measures the distance between the actual and predicted values.

Remote models over Vertex AI endpoints

ML.EVALUATE returns the following column:

  • remote_eval_metrics: a JSON column containing appropriate metrics for the model type.

Remote models over Vertex AI LLMs

ML.EVALUATE returns different columns for remote models over Vertex AI LLMs, depending on the task_type value that you specify.

When you specify the TEXT_GENERATION task type, the following columns are returned:

When you specify the CLASSIFICATION task type, the following columns are returned:

  • precision: a FLOAT64 column that contains the precision for the model .
  • recall: a FLOAT64 column that contains the recall for the model.
  • f1: a FLOAT64 column that contains the F1 score for the model.
  • label: a STRING column that contains the label generated for the input data.

  • evaluation_status: a STRING column in JSON format that contains the following elements:

    • num_successful_rows: the number of successful inference rows returned from Vertex AI.
    • num_total_rows: the number of total input rows.

When you specify the SUMMARIZATION task type, the following columns are returned:

  • rouge-l_precision: a FLOAT64 column that contains the Recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation (ROUGE-L) precision for the model.
  • rouge-l_recall: a FLOAT64 column that contains the ROUGE-L recall for the model.
  • rouge-l_f1: a FLOAT64 column that contains the ROUGE-L F1 score for the model.

  • evaluation_status: a STRING column in JSON format that contains the following elements:

    • num_successful_rows: the number of successful inference rows returned from Vertex AI.
    • num_total_rows: the number of total input rows.

When you specify the QUESTION_ANSWERING task type, the following columns are returned:

  • exact_match: a FLOAT64 column that indicates if the generated text exactly matches the ground truth. This value is 1 if the generated text equals the ground truth, otherwise it is 0. This metric is an average across all of the input rows.

  • evaluation_status: a STRING column in JSON format that contains the following elements:

    • num_successful_rows: the number of successful inference rows returned from Vertex AI.
    • num_total_rows: the number of total input rows.

Limitations

ML.EVALUATE is subject to the following limitations:

Costs

When used with remote models over Vertex AI LLMs, ML.EVALUATE costs are calculated based on the following:

  • The bytes processed from the input table. These charges are billed from BigQuery to your project. For more information, see BigQuery pricing.
  • The input to and output from the LLM. These charges are billed from Vertex AI to your project. For more information, see Vertex AI pricing.

Examples

The following examples show how to use ML.EVALUATE.

ML.EVALUATE with no input data specified

The following query evaluates a model with no input data specified:

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.EVALUATE(MODEL `mydataset.mymodel`)

ML.EVALUATE with a custom threshold and input data

The following query evaluates a model with input data and a custom threshold of 0.55:

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.EVALUATE(MODEL `mydataset.mymodel`,
    (
    SELECT
      custom_label,
      column1,
      column2
    FROM
      `mydataset.mytable`),
    STRUCT(0.55 AS threshold))

ML.EVALUATE to calculate forecasting accuracy of a time series

The following query evaluates the 30-point forecasting accuracy for a time series model:

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.EVALUATE(MODEL `mydataset.my_arima_model`,
    (
    SELECT
      timeseries_date,
      timeseries_metric
    FROM
      `mydataset.mytable`),
    STRUCT(TRUE AS perform_aggregation, 30 AS horizon))

ML.EVALUATE to calculate ARIMA_PLUS forecasting accuracy for each forecasted timestamp

The following query evaluates the forecasting accuracy for each of the 30 forecasted points of a time series model. It also computes the prediction interval based on a confidence level of 0.9.

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.EVALUATE(MODEL `mydataset.my_arima_model`,
    (
    SELECT
      timeseries_date,
      timeseries_metric
    FROM
      `mydataset.mytable`),
    STRUCT(FALSE AS perform_aggregation, 0.9 AS confidence_level,
    30 AS horizon))

ML.EVALUATE to calculate ARIMA_PLUS_XREG forecasting accuracy for each forecasted timestamp

The following query evaluates the forecasting accuracy for each of the 30 forecasted points of a time series model. It also computes the prediction interval based on a confidence level of 0.9. Note that you need to include the side features for the evaluation data.

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.EVALUATE(MODEL `mydataset.my_arima_xreg_model`,
    (
    SELECT
      timeseries_date,
      timeseries_metric,
      feature1,
      feature2
    FROM
      `mydataset.mytable`),
    STRUCT(FALSE AS perform_aggregation, 0.9 AS confidence_level,
    30 AS horizon))

ML.EVALUATE to calculate LLM text generation accuracy

The following query evaluates the LLM text generation accuracy for the classification task type for each label from the evaluation table.

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.EVALUATE(MODEL `mydataset.my_llm`,
    (
    SELECT
      prompt,
      label
    FROM
      `mydataset.mytable`),
    STRUCT('classification' AS task_type))

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